Following the January 2011 revolution, Tunisia began a democratic transition, with civil society quickly emerging as a central actor. Decree-Law No. 2011-88 on associations dismantled restrictive frameworks inherited from the Ben Ali regime and guaranteed freedom of association. This momentum was reinforced by the 2014 Constitution and progressive legislation on gender-based violence, racial discrimination and local governance, supporting decentralisation, institutional pluralism and civic participation.

However, Tunisia’s trajectory changed dramatically on 25 July 2021, when President Kais Saied assumed sweeping powers, undermining judicial independence, dismantling checks and balances, restricting civic space and targeting intermediary institutions. The dissolution of the High Judicial Council, the dismissal of 50 judges without judicial guarantees, arbitrary arrests such as that of lawyer Ahmed Souab, and public threats against judicial actors illustrate excessive executive interference and erosion of legal guarantees.

Civil society now operates under increasing pressure, facing legal threats, smear campaigns, funding restrictions and regulatory uncertainty. These measures have reduced civic activity, led to arrests of activists, prompted the withdrawal of some international civil society actors and weakened public trust.

Despite these setbacks, Tunisian civil society remains resilient. Many organisations are adapting to the new political reality, refocusing strategies, strengthening solidarity networks, complying with evolving regulations, diversifying resources and continuing advocacy. Their efforts reflect a sustained commitment to democratic values and to preserving civil society’s role in Tunisia’s contested transition.