Following the January 2011 revolution, Tunisia embarked on a democratic transition that places it among countries in transition that are not yet consolidated, with a score of 6.7/10 in the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) 2019 Democracy Index. Civil society quickly emerged as a central actor in this process, catalysed by Decree-Law No. 2011-88 on associations, which dismantled the restrictive legal frameworks inherited from the Ben Ali regime and guaranteed freedom of association.

This momentum was reinforced by the 2014 Constitution and progressive legislation, including laws on gender-based violence, racial discrimination and local governance, which promoted decentralisation, institutional pluralism and civic participation. Independent bodies, media freedom and partnerships between the public sector and civil society have developed, creating a dynamic ecosystem conducive to democratic consolidation.

However, the trajectory changed dramatically on 25 July 2021, when President Kais Saied assumed sweeping powers, undermining judicial independence, dismantling checks and balances, restricting civic space and targeting intermediary institutions. The dissolution of the High Judicial Council and the dismissal of 50 judges without judicial guarantees are evidence of excessive interference by the executive branch. Arbitrary arrests, such as that of lawyer Ahmed Souab, and public threats by the president against judicial actors further erode legal guarantees.

Civil society now operates under increasing pressure, facing legal threats, smear campaigns, funding restrictions and regulatory uncertainty. These measures have led to a reduction in civic activity, the arrest of activists, the withdrawal of international civil society actors and the erosion of public trust.

Despite these setbacks, Tunisian civil society is showing resilience. Many organisations are refocusing their strategies, adapting to new political realities and strengthening their solidarity networks. Efforts to comply with evolving regulations, diversify resources, and continue advocacy demonstrate a continued commitment to democratic values. This overview provides a snapshot of a sector that is navigating adversity with determination, seeking to preserve its role in Tunisia’s contested transition.