Mali remains gripped by a multidimensional crisis that has destabilised its political, security, and social institutions. Under military rule since 2020, the transitional government has pursued sweeping reforms, including a new Constitution, penal code and code of criminal procedure. While the Constitution enshrines fundamental rights and anti-corruption measures, it has been widely criticized for centralising power in the presidency and being adopted without broad consensus during a period of authoritarian governance. This raises concerns about democratic legitimacy.
Compounding these issues, the new penal code criminalises same-sex sexual relationships, marking a sharp regression in human rights protections. The law not only penalizes consensual same-sex acts but also bans any perceived promotion of homosexuality, exacerbating stigma and exposing LGBTQ+ individuals to arbitrary arrest and violence. These developments reflect a broader trend of shrinking civic space, where dissent is increasingly suppressed and legal reforms serve to entrench control rather than expand freedoms. However, the promulgation of a Charter for Peace and Reconciliation has been commended as a positive step.
The withdrawal from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the suspension of the Algiers Agreement signal a retreat from regional cooperation and negotiated peace frameworks, raising concerns about Mali’s long-term stability and diplomatic isolation. The creation of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), while framed as a sovereign alternative, remains nascent and untested in its capacity to replace established multilateral mechanisms. Meanwhile, the extension of the transition period without broad consensus undermines trust in the transitional authorities and delays the restoration of constitutional order. These shifts complicate collaboration with traditional partners and donors, many of whom are recalibrating their engagement strategies in response to Mali’s evolving political landscape. For civil society, this environment presents both risks and strategic uncertainties, as shrinking external support and contested domestic reforms threaten their operational space and advocacy efforts. In this context, civil society faces heightened constraints, with limited avenues for meaningful engagement. While reforms are framed as steps toward stability, their substance and implementation risk undermining the inclusive governance and rights-based environment essential for peace and social cohesion.