Gabon has undergone significant political and institutional changes since the August 2023 coup, which ended over five decades of Bongo family rule and ushered in a military-led transition under General Brice Oligui Nguema. This transition aimed to restore democratic governance and stabilise the country following years of contested elections and governance failures.
A key milestone was the Inclusive National Dialogue held in April 2024, widely praised for creating a platform where political actors, civil society, and other stakeholders could debate reforms and envision a more inclusive future. It marked a significant departure from Gabon’s historically closed governance model and demonstrated a commitment to participatory processes during the transition. This process culminated in the constitutional referendum of 16 November 2024, where voters approved a new constitution introducing a seven-year presidential term (renewable once), abolishing the prime minister’s role, and prohibiting dynastic succession. These changes were intended to prevent power monopolies and streamline governance. Yet, the extended presidential term sparked debate: while proponents argued it would ensure stability during reforms, opponents warned it could entrench executive dominance and weaken checks and balances, especially given the absence of a prime minister.
The presidential election of 12 April 2025 marked Gabon’s first post-coup vote and a critical step in its democratic rebuilding. Transitional leader Brice Oligui Nguema won decisively with over 90% of the vote, amid high turnout (70%) and generally peaceful conditions, though concerns about military influence persisted. Legislative and local elections followed in September–October 2025, completing the transition timetable despite reports of irregularities.
Throughout these developments, civil society organisations (CSOs) played a pivotal role in promoting dialogue, monitoring elections, and advocating for transparency. Initiatives such as domestic observation missions and campaigns against disinformation strengthened electoral integrity. Despite constitutional guarantees, Gabon’s civic space remains “obstructed”, with restrictions on association and expression still in place. However, modest gains—such as increased media freedom, CSO engagement in governance and the overall rule of law score increase by 1.3% (2025 WJP Rule of Law Index)—signal opportunities for a more enabling environment.
In sum, Gabon stands at a crossroads. While challenges remain—such as consolidating institutional reforms and addressing lingering political tensions—the current context offers a more open and collaborative space for civil society engagement. The transition has created opportunities for CSOs to influence policy, monitor governance, and advocate for human rights, laying the foundation for a stronger democratic culture in Gabon.
Enabling principles scores
