The enabling environment for civil society in Nigeria is shaped by a complex blend of laws, policies, administrative practices, and prevailing social attitudes. Civil society organisations (CSOs) play an essential role in democratic governance, service delivery and policy advocacy, but their operational environment is constrained by bureaucratic bottlenecks, financial and legal hurdles, political interference, and inconsistent implementation of rights and protections.

The period of assessment (June 2024 to June 2025) was marked by economic stabilisation achieved alongside severe social suffering and a shrinking of civic space. Bold reforms by government such as the removal of fuel subsidies and  the foreign exchange liberalisation regime accelerated real GDP growth of 4.23% by Q2 of 2025 but resulted in a massive inflationary shock, bringing inflation above 34% and pushing many Nigerians further into poverty. This hardship fuelled intense public dissent including a general strike and nationwide protests. Compounding the crisis is persistent insecurity including banditry and communal conflicts along with worsened food inflation. While macro-fiscal goals were achieved, the foundation of democratic tolerance was severely dented by the state.

The findings reveal a largely “partially enabling” environment with systemic barriers that disproportionately affect grassroots organisations, marginalised groups, and CSOs working on sensitive issues such as human rights and governance.