In India, the enabling environment for civil society remains constrained, despite constitutional guarantees of association, peaceful assembly and expression. The 2024 general elections reinforced the ruling government’s dominance and were accompanied by heightened political polarisation, restrictions on dissent and increased pressure on activists, journalists and community groups. Civil society organisations critical of government policies or engaged in rights-based advocacy reported surveillance, harassment and stigmatisation, contributing to a climate of suspicion toward independent voices.

Security developments in 2025, including the India–Pakistan confrontation following the Pahalgam terror attack, further intensified scrutiny of CSOs working on peacebuilding, human rights and cross-border solidarity. Internet shutdowns, content restrictions and surveillance measures continued to limit civic participation and freedom of expression, particularly during protests or periods of political tension.

India’s legal and regulatory framework remains a major constraint. Laws such as the UAPA, PMLA and FCRA have been used against activists and NGOs, while FCRA licence cancellations, bank account freezes, inspections and prolonged administrative procedures have created uncertainty and disrupted operations. Access to sustainable resources is uneven, with grassroots and rights-based organisations facing shrinking foreign funding, donor rigidity and heavy compliance burdens.

State engagement with civil society remains selective and inconsistent, with limited feedback on CSO contributions. Public discourse often portrays independent organisations as foreign-influenced or obstructive, although youth-led initiatives, digital advocacy and local networks continue to create new forms of participation. Indian civil society remains resilient, but operates under significant political, legal, financial and digital constraints.

Network member:
VANI – Voice of the Voluntary Sector