Panama broadly respects freedoms of expression, association, and assembly, with constitutional protections and minimal direct censorship. However, journalists face judicial harassment, particularly when reporting on corruption, and government-linked media influence limits press independence. Since April 2025, there has been a worrying use of police force to curtail nationwide protests by trade unions, teachers and environmental organisations.
The legal framework for civil society is formalistic and costly, favouring corporate over non-profit registration. While no restrictions exist on receiving international funding, access to both domestic and external resources remain limited, particularly for rights-based or advocacy organisations.
While Panama has formal mechanisms for civil society participation, these are often ignored. Political discourse has occasionally been hostile, especially toward unions and environmental groups. Digital access is widespread, but cybersecurity laws are underdeveloped, and online platforms are used for smear campaigns without legal safeguards. Despite challenges, human rights and transparency groups continue operating, but civic space remains fragile.
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